Palestinian Hamas policemen keep guard at their destroyed headquarters, following a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas, in Gaza City, January 22, 2025. REUTERS/Dawoud Abu Alkas
Hamas Maintains Control in Gaza Despite Ceasefire and Devastation
Following the recent ceasefire in Gaza, Hamas has swiftly reasserted its authority in the war-torn enclave, overseeing rubble clearance, securing aid convoys, and deploying police forces in devastated neighborhoods. Despite Israeli efforts to dismantle the group during 15 months of conflict, Hamas’ grip on Gaza remains unshaken, presenting significant challenges to achieving a lasting peace.
Restoring Order and Basic Services
Hamas officials have been active in restoring a semblance of normalcy since the ceasefire took effect on Sunday. Police and gunmen, previously kept off the streets by Israeli airstrikes, now patrol neighborhoods to prevent looting and ensure security for aid deliveries.
Ismail Al-Thawabta, head of the Hamas-run Gaza government media office, stated that over 18,000 employees are working to provide essential services, including rubble clearance and repairing damaged infrastructure. Aid distribution is being coordinated with international organizations, and no incidents of looting have been reported since the ceasefire began, according to the United Nations.
Challenges in Reconstruction
The devastation in Gaza is immense, with more than 50 million tonnes of rubble left from Israeli airstrikes. A recent U.N. assessment estimated that clearing this debris could take 21 years and cost up to $1.2 billion. Reconstruction efforts are expected to require billions of dollars and years of work, with an initial six-week ceasefire phase allowing for limited rebuilding and aid distribution.
Key to future reconstruction is the involvement of international actors such as Egypt, Qatar, and the United Nations, though the role of Hamas in post-war governance remains a contentious issue.
Hamas’ Resilience and Israel’s Dilemma
Despite significant losses, including the deaths of senior leaders Ismail Haniyeh, Yahya Sinwar, and Mohammed Deif, Hamas retains control over Gaza’s administration and military infrastructure. Observers argue that Hamas remains deeply entrenched, both as a political authority and as the dominant armed group.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has insisted that Hamas cannot play a role in Gaza’s future governance, but no viable alternatives have emerged. Proposals involving local leaders or international peacekeepers have failed to gain traction, while the Palestinian Authority, led by Mahmoud Abbas, lacks popular support and presence in the enclave.
Divided Opinions and Future Uncertainty
The ceasefire deal, negotiated with U.S. and regional mediation, has sparked mixed reactions. While some Israelis welcomed the release of hostages, others, including members of Netanyahu’s cabinet, have called for continued military action to eradicate Hamas. Far-right ministers resigned in protest of the agreement, emphasizing the divide within Israel’s political leadership.
Meanwhile, Gaza residents express a range of sentiments. Some see Hamas’ survival as a sign of resilience, while others blame the group for the destruction brought by the war. “We had homes, hotels, and restaurants. Today, we have nothing,” said Ameen, a displaced civil engineer.
International Mediation and Prospects for Peace
The future of Gaza remains uncertain as international diplomats explore governance models that exclude Hamas. Proposals include temporary oversight by the United States, United Arab Emirates, and other nations, as well as a potential joint committee of Hamas and Fatah under Palestinian Authority supervision. However, experts warn that Hamas’ willingness to participate in such arrangements may be superficial.
President Donald Trump, in office just days after the ceasefire began, expressed skepticism about the deal’s long-term viability. Diplomats and regional stakeholders face significant obstacles in achieving a sustainable resolution to the conflict, as the region grapples with the aftermath of extensive loss and devastation.
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